Grand Avenue Essay -- essays papers

Grand Avenue In the novel Grand Avenue. Greg Sarris uses the theme thread of poison to connect all of his separate stories about the Toms’, a Pomo Indian family. He proves that the roots of a family are the basis which gives the family its structure, even if those roots are bad. In the Toms’ family they’re roots were poisoned from the very founding of the family starting with Sam Toms’. His poison was not the fact that he tried to steal a married woman away, but that he was filled with secrets, deceptions, and self hatred. His family was founded on these poisened roots and passes the poisen down generation after gerneration. The only way to stop the poison, or inner self hatred taken out in other forms, was to let go of past and talk about the secrets and lies. Once a person does this they are able to learn from their mistake , in a sense the break free from the poison. If Sam Toms’ , the founder or root of the family,would have broken free of his poise n by talking about his mistake he made, his whole family per haps would have turned out completely different. As a result of his secrets and lies his family was rasied to make the same immoral desisions as he made throughout his life. His family, like Sam, didn't take responcilblity for their mistakes, which spread the poison onto the next generation. Tracing the poison throughout the Tom’s beginning at the roots, shows just how important the roots indeed are. In the first story, entitled The Magic Pony, one learns about the â€Å"Man Poison†. The story is narrated by Jasmine, who lives with her Auntie Faye Faye tells her daughter Ruby and Jasmine that all men are poisoned because of a mistake from her past She stole her cousin Anna’s boyfriend Joaquin, by lying t... ...d few such as Anna, Stella, and Alice who broke free of the poison, lived their lives as Sam Toms’ did who rooted the family. They as he did lied, cheated, manipuled, and kept secrets to try to live a happy life which in actuality their lives were anything but. The strong Toms’ that broke free of the poison spoke of their problems and took responsibility for them. The rest just followed in their ancestors footsteps and lived unhappy and immoral lives as they did. The Toms’ family poison connected the whole family, generation after generation together, and helps to prove how important an influential a families’ roots really are.footsteps and lived unhappy and immoral lives as they did. The Toms’ family poison connected the whole family, generation after generation together, and helps to prove how important an influential a families’ roots really are.

Influence of Rules and Regulation on Public Sector Accounting Practice

Title: Rules And Regulation In Public Sector Accounting. Date / Time: 07 October 2012 (Monday) / 4:00 Pm Location: Room Spk308, Othman Yeop Abdullah Building (School Of Accounting. ) Guest: Student Of Public Sector Accounting Group C Agenda: Influence Of Rules And Regulation On Public Sector Accounting Practise. Last Sunday, we are discussing about the rule and regulation regarding Public Sector Accounting Practice. On that day, we are discussing about the article in federal law which on part VII (Financial Provision).Initially, we must know about the establishment history of the Federal Constitution. Federal Constitution it’s also known it as the Malaysian Constitution. It is the written legal documentation that it’s formed based on two previous documents of the Federation of Malaya Independence Constitution of 1948 and 1957. The legal drafted based on the advice of Reid Commission. Federal Constitution consists of several different parts. Public Sector Accounting Practice is related to part VII in the Federal Constitution.These VII parts consist of several articles. The article starts from Article 96 until Article 112. This segment is focus on the financial provision for the government and state. Article 96, Indicates that no money can be raised by taxation or rates, nor can it be spent (except) under the authority of the federal law. Article 97, all revenues and monies raised or received by the Federal government shall be paid to the Federal Consolidated Fund and all revenues and monies received by the state shall be paid to the State Consolidated Fund.Article 98, Indicates that expenditure charge to the Federal Consolidated Fund include grant, remuneration of the royalties, pensions, debt charges, money to pay for court judgment. Next Article 99, Annual financial statements require the federal government to prepare and submit to the Parliament, statements of estimated receipts and estimated expenditure of the following year before the commencement of that year. Also requires federal government to submit statement of assets and liabilities of last financial year.Article 100, Supply Bills indicates that expenditure to be met from the consolidated fund excluding charged expenditure shall be included in a bill known as Supply Bill. Article 101, if the amo unt appropriated (approved) by the Supply Act is insufficient, a supplementary budget can be prepared and submitted to Parliament. Article 102, Expenditure of unusual urgency not is included in the approved budget; it needs to be approved by Parliament. Article 103, The purpose of the Contingencies Fund is to meet urgent and unforeseen need for expenditure for which no other provision exist.Article 104, Withdrawals from Consolidated Funds regulates payment for charged expenditure authorized by Supply Act and also Article 102. Article 105, Auditor General is appointed by the King on the advice of the Prime Minister and after consultation with the Council of Rulers and is eligible for reappointment. Article 106, The Auditor General will perform such other duties as specified by the King on accounts of federal, states and other public authorities. Article 107, the audit report should be submitted to the King to be laid in the Parliament.The states accounts’ and other state autho rities should be submitted to the state ruler for presentation to the State Legislative Assembly. Article 109, Grants for States indicates that Federal government shall make to each state a grant, capitation grant. Article 110, Assignment of Taxes and Fees to the States, each state will receive portion of taxes collected within the states which receive 10% of export duties of mineral produced by states. Article 111, The Federation shall not borrow except under the authority of federal law and state.Last Article 112, Restrict alternation by states to any addition to its establishment or the establishment of any of its department or alter the rates of established salaries and emoluments. DISCUSSION: We have conducted a discussion in the class. Before starting the presentation, we already began the discussion session. We ask the students to give their opinion about article 96 until article 112. one of our friends, Noor Amiera binti Jaafar gave her opinion regarding article number 97. S he said, â€Å"Federal Constitution related to government financial.Example Article 97, subject to federal constitution, all revenue came from state will be accounted to the state government†. Besides Noor Amiera, the others member also provides their own opinion like, Teoh Vin Sen he said state government will collect the money and revenue from state if under the federal government. Last but not least our friends Yap Kit Yeng, she gave an opinion regarding article number 96, and she said the federal government will collect the revenue from taxation. SUGGESTION: 1.We suggest that it’s compulsory for every student to read the book before they came to the class in order to improve their participation. Moreover by reading before they came to the class, the objective of Student Centred Learning because they can give their own opinion about the discussed topics. 2. Each group should be more confident when they want to do the presentation. Besides that, the presenter must ma ke slide presentation clear. 3. Student should give the full attention when the presenter present about their chapter. Besides that, the presenter must point to the audience when they want the answer.

HIV and AIDS In Africa - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1652 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/08/02 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: AIDS (HIV) Essay Did you like this example? Background / Overview: The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) attacks the CD4 cells of the bodys immune system and weakens the defense mechanism from protecting against infections and diseases. As the number of CD4 cells decreases the body becomes more vulnerable to all opportunistic diseases and cancers. AIDS is the most advanced stage of HIV infection with severe immune deficiency i.e. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "HIV and AIDS In Africa" essay for you Create order least CD4 count (less than 200 cells/ cubic meter), it takes nearly 2 15 years for the virus to develop into this stage. At this stage, the body becomes vulnerable to serious infections and cancers. About two-thirds of the world population living with HIV are in Africa, of which Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) accounts for 70% of this disease rate (Kharsany Karim, 2016). There was a slight decline in the incidence of HIV/AIDS in past few years nearly 1.3 million in this country yet persistently remains in the top 5 countries that are infected with HIV (see fig.1). According to 2013 census Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) had 24.7 million people who are infected with HIV, and in 2016 there are 25.98 million people living with HIV (see fig.2). Undisputedly SSA harbors 60% of HIV cases, of which 28 million are living with HIV, more than 14000 people are getting an infection every day and nearly 11000 are dying with AIDS-related complications (Dzimnenani Mbirimtengerenji,2007). Factors contributing to the spread of HIV/AIDS in SSA social stigma, ancient and traditional practices, poverty, multiple sex partners, heterosexual transmission, and lack of male circumcision(Chen et al., 2007) ( see fig 5). As a matter of fact, HIV infection has played a considerable role in decreasing the life expectancy, health status, education, employment and countrys economy. The pandemic has reduced the national economy by 2-4% a year on an average across Africa (Dixon, 2002). Also, the death rates are so high due to HIV related diseases and cancers. Fig 3: Map: Share of the population infected with HIV, 2016 Source: IHME, Global Burden of Disease Fig 4: Disparately High HIV Prevalence among Young Women Compared to Young Men Source: UNAIDS, 2014 Fig 5: Distribution of new HIV infections among population groups, 2017 Source: UNAIDS special analysis, 2018 What has been done so far? With more than 30 years of continuous efforts made on this HIV epidemic, there is still no proper cure or an effective vaccine, however, due to advanced treating methods by using Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has made the deadly disease into more chronic disease and manageable condition and also by increasing the life expectancy (Kharsany Karim, 2016). Moreover, behavioral modifications also helped in reducing the prevalence rate of HIV in some tropical countries. The strategic goals for behavioral change involve stigma reduction, reduce the number of sex partners, avoid sharing of needles and injections that are contaminated, reduce the age of first intercourse, increase the use of condom and its sales, and also by encouraging regular screening and health education counselling services (Coates, Richter, Caceres, 2008). Not only behavioral interventions but also the combination of biomedical and structural interventions have a holistic approach to prevent HIV infection. Fig 6: Effective HIV Prevention require a combination intervention. At intrapersonal level, the PLWHA (Persons Living With HIV/AIDS) in SSA have been educating all the high-risk group individuals about the methods of transmission, preventive measures, and how to protect their human rights based on the resources. Moreover, the national government of Sub-Saharan Africa has released funds for the campaigns on disease awareness and reducing stigma related to the HIV. These are the massive campaigns which are promoted targetting families and communities, in spite of all these efforts there is still gender inequality, lack of knowledge and high level of stigma in SSA (Dahlui et al., 2015). At the interpersonal level, the combination strategy includes health education for sex workers and men who have sex with men to have access to male and female condoms, lubricant and PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis). At Community and Organization level, the NSPs (Needle and Syringe Programmes) focused on people who inject drugs and have been effective in reducing the usage of contaminated needles, and Opioid Substitution Therapy (OST). UNAIDS in collaboration with World bank has launched several successful health education programs for teenage girls, women, and homosexuals focusing on social discrimination, reduci ng stigma, awareness. The biomedical interventions at schools and multimedia organization level included VMMC (Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision, free HIV testing and condom supply. Examples of such successful large-scale programmes were Love Life multi-media campaign in South Africa, the National Behaviour Change Programme in Zimbabwe and Multi-Country one love campaign in southern Africa. In 2003, UNAIDS and WHO launched the 3 by 5 initiative which is reducing the incidence rate of HIV by 3 million in 2005 with ART( Antiretroviral therapy). The programs did not achieve the target population by the expected deadline and instead the number tripled which lead to the initiative of many challenging and great momentums. WHO and UNAIDS set up ambitious global targets (90-90-90) by 2020. In 2013 Health and education ministers addressed the barriers that are preventing girls and women from accessing the services. They have also focused on sex education in schools (CSE- comprehensive sexual education), eliminating gender barrios. Between 2010- 2015 the PMTCT (Prevention of Mother-to-child transmission) in East and southern Africa was successful in preventing the vertical transmission of this virus from a positive mother to child by 66%. The recent report shows that there has been an improvement from 61% in 2010 to 89% in 2016. In 2007 WHO and UNAIDS promoted VMMC (voluntary medical male circumcision) as one of the key components for preventing HIV. In 2015, South Africa took the first initiative to fully approve the PrEP (Pre-exposure prophylaxis with antiretroviral drugs. Next steps: Gaps or shortcomings in what has been done so far Although many attempts were made to prevent the prevalence and incidence rate of HIV in Africa and SSA specifically, the disease still remains a serious problem. This is because of all the current interventions and strategies are not specific to a particular region, which is in fact, globally formulated policies (Hanson Hanson, 2008). Despite considering all the specific factors in each setting such as regional, cultural, traditional and high-risk population in combination interventions yet have drawbacks. Gaps in the Behavioral intervention: This intervention was not effectively practiced and discontinued in many countries. As a result, many young people had inadequate knowledge (36% young men, 30% of young women) according to the survey in 2015. Very minimal efforts are made to bring a change in social norms that are negatively impacting HIV (Hanson Hanson, 2008). Gaps in Biomedical interventions: VMMC has been rapidly expanded in 14 countries, out of which 8 countries declined the use of this programme in 2015. So, in order to reach the Fast track target, the voluntary male circumcision number has to double in 2020. UNAIDS 2020 target on PrEP coverage is 5% at present. According to the 2015 survey, 62% of individuals were not virally suppressed and 42% were unaware of their HIV status. So, there is a limitation is TasP ( Treatment-as- prevention) and PrEP. Thus the campaigns AIDS kills, Abstinence, Be faithful and use a condom approach was introduced by indulging fear among people. But this approach had failures in promoting safe sex (Hanson Hanson, 2008) Gaps in Structural interventions:   These are difficult to implement in poor countries like SSA as they deal with deep-rooted socio-economic issues such as gender discrimination, poverty, and human rights. As South Africa is the first to widely approve the ART (antiretroviral therapy) treatment, SSA is likely to benefit from future interventions that would concentrate on early access to ART, large-scale HIV screening promotions, health educations on HIV/AIDS. B- Future Intervention: There has to be a realistic target in setting up future interventions to prevent HIV/AIDS in low-income tropical countries that have the highest burden of this disease. The goal of my intervention is to bring a change in risky behaviors among the targeted population in SSA. (i)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Development: Aim for reducing the high-risk sexual behavior patterns by half in a span of 3 years. This intervention will be targeting homosexuals, substance abusers, and sex workers. Assessment is done in two ways -Identifying and analyzing the data on the number of sex workers, LGBTs. -By conducting surveys of knowledge, practices, and attitudes towards the stigma of HIV/AIDS. Develop trust, strength, and empathy in the population. Hiring well-trained health care providers. Implementation: Distributing pamphlets, advertising, mass media communications. Awareness campaigns- includes disposal of contaminated needles, use of condoms, safe sex education, screenings, sex education in schools. Health education programs in rural areas and providing them with free condoms. Conduct free screenings for all the high-risk population. Evaluation: Conducting pre and post surveys to assess their knowledge and beliefs. Assess the syringes and condom supply and sales in hospitals and pharmacies. Evaluate the hospital records for the incidence and prevalence rate of HIV infection. Web resources: https://www.avert.org/professionals/hiv-programming/treatment/overview https://www.avert.org/professionals/hiv-around-world/sub-saharan-africa/overview https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/data-and-trends/global-statistics https://www.prb.org/thestatusofthehivaidsepidemicinsubsaharanafrica/ References: Coates, T. J., Richter, L., Caceres, C. (2008). Behavioural strategies to reduce HIV transmission: how to make them work better. Lancet, 372(9639), 669-684. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60886-7 Chen, L., Jha, P., Stirling, B., Sgaier, S., Daid, T., Kaul, R. and Nagelkerke, N. (2007). Sexual Risk Factors for HIV Infection in Early and Advanced HIV Epidemics in Sub-Saharan Africa: Systematic Overview of 68 Epidemiological Studies. PLoS ONE, 2(10), p.e1001. Dahlui, M., Azahar, N., Bulgiba, A., Zaki, R., Oche, O. M., Adekunjo, F. O., Chinna, K. (2015). HIV/AIDS Related Stigma and Discrimination against PLWHA in Nigerian Population. PLoS ONE, 10(12), e0143749. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0143749 Dzimnenani Mbirimtengerenji, N. (2007). Is HIV/AIDS Epidemic Outcome of Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa? Croatian medical journal, 48(5), 605-617 Dixon, S. (2002). The impact of HIV and AIDS on Africas economic development. BMJ, 324(7331), pp.232-234. Hanson, S., Hanson, C. (2008). HIV control in low-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa: are the right things done? Global Health Action, 1, 10.3402/gha.v3401i3400.1837. doi:10.3402/gha.v1i0.1837 Kharsany, A. B. M., Karim, Q. A. (2016). HIV Infection and AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa: Current Status, Challenges and Opportunities. The Open AIDS Journal, 10, 34-48

Analysis Of John Lewis s The Movement - 1666 Words

Segregation and civil rights movements are familiar words that reflects some of the good, bad and ugly pasts of the United States of America. Though these events had its history for many centuries, but its extension into modern times created a culture that almost truncated the amazing potentials that diversity has been destined to bring to the United States. John Lewis Memoir of the movement gave a definitive insight to this period in the American history. Congressman John Robert Lewis was the child of Willie and Eddie. He was born in February 21, 1940 in Pike County, Alabama, during the dark times in the history of the United States that witnessed segregation as a norms in a considerable part of the American society. On this†¦show more content†¦Josh owned a good portion of all of Pike County in Alabama. Upon arriving in his home town, he met with his mother, and siblings like Edwards, Sammy, Freddie and his cousins; must of which resides in other American cities, but reunion at their home town in Alabama. According to John R. Lewis, African American of Southern origin had endured so much struggle that there was a big exodus to bigger southern cities like Montgomery, Atlanta and Birmingham and even more migration northwards to cities like Detroit, Philadelphia and Chicago. Clearly, John Lewis has a strong traditional personality and he deeply cared about his family, background, roots, values and cultural inheritance. The narrative of their homes, neighborhood, soul food, characteristics of ancestors, great-grand parents, grandparents, parents cousins and friends reflects the strong values that exists in the African American community down south, according to John Lewis. Considering the prominent historical nature of black segregation, impact of civil war and inequality down south, it is natural to imagine the type of peasant life style that majority of African Americans were subjected to back in the days. The double standard reflects in every aspect of the society. For example, John narrated how a drug store, Byrd s Drugs, where you can buy Coca-Cola, but as a black person you will have to take your drink outside, though there had an area in the

An Analysis of Neutral Tones by Thomas Hardy Essay

An Analysis of Neutral Tones by Thomas Hardy We stood by a pond that winter day, (1) This line indicates a still quietness, with lack of the movement of life. There is a vast difference in appearance and movement around a pond in winter and a pond in the midst of summer. This indicates no leaves, and no visible signs of life. The poet is painting a stark and lifeless scene. And the sun was white, as though chidden of God,(2) This is indicative of the modernist approach to light as being too harsh and not a positive factor. Chidden means scolded, rebuked, or even blamed. God is not looking favorably upon these people. And a few leaves lay on the starving sod;(3) Leaves fall from trees when they are dead, and the†¦show more content†¦This stanza ties in with the first stanza and lets the reader know it is the beautiful love between these two people that is dying on this cold winter day. The smile on your mouth was the deadest thing(9) is a very telling line. She is pretending to be kind and to smile, but he sees through her and knows it is false. Her smile appears deader to him than the fallen leaves do. Alive enough to have strength to die; /And a grin of bitterness swept thereby (10-11). These lines show that the poet realizes some life in her smile, but not what he wants to see. There is a difference between a genuinely happy smile and a forced grin, and the latter is what he sees on her face. Like an ominous bird a-wing...(12) foretells her leaving him. He is seeing in her forced grin an omen of bad luck. Many people see owls as an omen of death if they hoot outside their window for seven nights in a row. It is in this sense that the poet speaks of her dead smile. Since then, keen lessons that love deceives, (13). This line is a reflective line from the poet on his feelings of her deceit toward him. He loved her and she broke his heart by lying to him. And wrings with wrong, have shaped to me(14) tells that she wronged him and changed him because of it. Your face, and the God-curst sun, and a tree, / And a pond edged with grayish leaves(15-16). He will never get out of his mind that moment in time. Her face, the sun, a tree,Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Neutral Tones By Thomas Hardy1056 Words   |  5 Pagesto be completely numb. Throughout the following poems â€Å"Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?†, â€Å"My mistress’ eyes are nothing like the sun†, â€Å"The Flea†, and Thomas Hardy’s â€Å"Neutral Tones† the authors all share their experiences about love, with a major emphasis on the hardships that come with love. In Thomas Hardy’s poem â€Å"Neutral Tones† written in 1867, he reflects back on his past and the lessons he learned from it. By portraying his sadness throughout the poem he pushes the readers to recognizeRead MoreNeutral Tones by Thomas Hardy1653 Words   |  7 PagesNeutral Tones by Thomas Hardy (1867) Neutral Tones BY  THOMAS HARDY We stood by a pond that winter day, And the sun was white, as though chidden of God, And a few leaves lay on the starving sod;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ They had fallen from an ash, and were gray. Your eyes on me were as eyes that rove Over tedious riddles of years ago; And some words played between us to and fro   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On which lost the more by our love. The smile on your mouth was the deadest thing Alive enough to haveRead MoreThomas Hardy Poems16083 Words   |  65 Pagesit joy lies slain, And why unblooms the best hope ever sown? --Crass Casualty obstructs the sun and rain, And dicing Time for gladness casts a moan.... These purblind Doomsters had as readily strown Blisses about my pilgrimage as pain. HAP ANALYSIS Firstly the word hap means that which happens by chance. The poem is a sonnet, although it is presented as three stanzas in that the traditional octave is split into two stanzas each of four lines and the sestet is a stanza on its own. TheRead MoreLove and Death Poem Analysis2154 Words   |  9 PagesPOETRY – Poems about Love DIRECTIONS: Discuss the attitude/tone of the poem and the theme in your small groups. Afterward, write down your conclusions regarding the tone and theme of poems about a similar subject. |â€Å"The Quiet World† |â€Å"Flirtation† |â€Å"Song: To Celia |â€Å"love is more thicker than forget† |â€Å"Neutral Tones† | | | Read MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesï » ¿TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS The purpose of Text Interpretation and Analysis is a literary and linguistic commentary in which the reader explains what the text reveals under close examination. Any literary work is unique. It is created by the author in accordance with his vision and is permeated with his idea of the world. The reader’s interpretation is also highly individual and depends to a great extent on his knowledge and personal experience. That’s why one cannot lay down a fixed â€Å"model†Read MoreGilt Groupe12605 Words   |  51 PagesCase 3 Guilty as Charged [pic] 1. Perform a SWOT Analysis for Gilt Groupe. 2. Looking at your SWOT, what is the single greatest threat facing GG? How would you react to this challenge? What strategy would you follow or propose? 3. Looking at your SWOT, what is the single greatest opportunity facing GG? How would you go about taking advantage of this opportunity? What strategy would you follow or propose? 4. Five years from now, where do you see GG? A success? A failureRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesLine 58 Understanding and Appreciating Individual Differences Important Areas of Self-Awareness 61 Emotional Intelligence 62 Values 65 Ethical Decision Making and Values 72 Cognitive Style 74 Attitudes Toward Change 76 Core Self-Evaluation 79 SKILL ANALYSIS 84 Cases Involving Self-Awareness 84 Communist Prison Camp 84 Computerized Exam 85 Decision Dilemmas 86 SKILL PRACTICE 89 Exercises for Improving Self-Awareness Through Self-Disclosure 89 Through the Looking Glass 89 Diagnosing Managerial CharacteristicsRead MoreStrategy Safari by Mintzberg71628 Words   |  287 Pagesway to ensure that strategy is controlled in one mind is to keep the process simple (182). However, this point, together with the first, forced Andrews to tread a fine line throughout his text between nonconscious intuition on one side and formal analysis on the other, a position he characterized as an act of judgment (108). This distinguishes the design school from the entrepreneurial school on one side and the planning and especially positioning schools on the other. 4. Strategies should be oneRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages(Madison, WI: Mendota House/Irwin, 2011) Other Interests Although he cannot keep up (literally!) with Dr. Robbin’s accomplishments on the track, Dr. Judge enjoys golf, cooking and baking, literature (he’s a particular fan of Thomas Hardy and is a member of the Thomas Hardy Society), and keeping up with his three children, who range in age from 23 to 9. Preface Welcome to the fifteenth edition of Organizational Behavior! Long considered the standard for all organizational behavior textbooksRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 PagesStrategic and marketing analysis 2 Marketing auditing and the analysis of capability 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Learning objectives Introduction Reviewing marketing effectiveness The role of SWOT analysis Competitive advantage and the value chain Conducting effective audits Summary 3 Segmental, productivity and ratio analysis 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 Learning objectives Introduction The clarification of cost categories Marketing cost analysis: aims and methods An illustration

Inca Empire Significance Free Essays

string(42) " are responsible for two main inventions\." What made the Incan Empire so historically significant? Rachael Cardenas Block 6B From 1438 to 1535, the Incan Empire made a historical impact. The Incan Empire was located in South America on the western coast in the present countries of Peru. (Tagle. We will write a custom essay sample on Inca Empire Significance or any similar topic only for you Order Now ) Three-fourths of the Empire was located within present day Peru. Since the rule of the Empire did descend through familial ties, the ruling emperor was chosen on account by his family dynasty. (Hutagalung. ) The empire of the Incas merits importance and note due to its contributing factors of roads, agriculture, and medicine. The Incas’ construction of roads was the most impressive contribution of public works than any other ancient culture. The roads in total were estimated to be 14,000 miles of paved roads and bridges. What made the building of the roads so remarkable was the diversity of the land such as swamps, mountains, valleys, snow, and deserts. Since the area surrounding the roads by the coast was dusty, the Incas built them on causeways to keep them free from sand being blown or pegging out. (Baudin. ) Likewise, the roads near the swamps were built on stone viaducts. In high regions where there was high rain or snowfall, the Incas paved the roads with cobblestones or flagstones. Also, the steep slopes were stabilized by means of steps, which cut into living rock. The accomplishment of these different types of roads was significant to history because it demonstrates that the Incas were able to maintain proper road structure throughout the Empire despite the obstacles each region’s natural environment presented. (Hutagalung. ) There were two main roads which connected the north and south territories along the coast and along the Andes Mountains. These two main roads were linked to a shorter network of roads within each of the two territories. However, later there was another major creation of roads that was called the Andean Royal road; this road was over 3,500 miles long, which is longer than the longest Roman road. This road extended from Quito, Ecuador in the north, passed through Cajamarca and Cusco, and ended close to Tucuman, Argentina. (Baudin. ) Some of the smaller road networks as well as the Andean Royal road were used so often that they became permanently part of the landscape. As a result, these roads remain critical, modern-day arteries of transportation. A noteworthy fact about the Incan roads was that the roads never experience the roll of a wheel or the stomp of a horses’ foot because the Incas did not know the existence of the wheel and there were no horse natural to the area. (Martin. ) For the transportation of goods from one part of the empire to another, the Incas used llamas. The llamas also assisted Incan travelers in their travels between the north and the south territories. The roads of the Incan empire were a key factor in communication between territories. Throughout the Empire, messengers, or chasquis, carried information using these essential road networks. These messengers were chosen from the fittest and strongest men of young males. (Kruschandl. ) They lived in cabins, or tambos, in groups of four to six. If one was tired and needed to rest, another one would meet him and try to memorize the message; in this way the tired one could rest in the cabin, or tanpu, while the other continued the messages’ delivery to its final destination. (Baudin. Since these messengers lived on the roads, the tanpu always had food and clothing available for the messengers. A chasquis would travel more than 300 miles every day. Communication of important messages and transportation of essential goods flowed easily due to the combination of the well-constructed roads and logically developed messenger system. (Hutagalung. ) Also, because the military commanders o f the Empire could easily move troops, they could quickly bring control where there was trouble. Priests, herders, or leisurely travelers are other examples who used the Incan roads. In brief, the roads of the Incan Empire were not only a great benefit to its people who made use of it every day, but also to the Incan ruling class who demonstrated the power of the Incan state. The agriculture of the Incan Empire included every type of environment imaginable. The Incas developed an agricultural system so that plants could grow in such assorted surroundings. They were able to grow enough food to feed 15 million people with ancient technology and as well to have a 3 to 7 year surplus. In this way, the Incas grew a diverse set of plants compared to current systems of agriculture. Martin. ) The Incan farmers were great farmers; farming a dozen root crops, such as three grains, three legumes, and more than a dozen fruits. The three staple crops were potatoes, corn, and quinoa. In this case, the seeds of quinoa were used to produce flour, soups, and cereal. Similarly, corn was special to the Incas and used in religious ceremonies. In fact, they also used the corn to make a drink called chicha. (Baudin. ) More importantly, the Incas were the first civilization to harvest and plant potatoes. The Incas produced over 200 hundred potatoes; a remarkable harvest for a type of plant. This allowed the Incas more choices of what to plant; so the Incan people can feed their families which the wealth of the Empire kept flowing. In addition, the Incas were able to grow tomatoes, avocados, beans, peppers, squash, and coco leaves to make chocolate. These plants, as well as others, were grown and sold in markets in the Andes Mountains by Indian, rural peasants. Correspondingly, several of these crops were exported to European countries: some of the crops were potatoes, peppers, lima beans, and tomatoes. (Martin. However, since a majority of the Incan crops were not exported, many of these crops were unknown outside of the Andes Mountains. (Baudin. ) The planting and harvesting of all of the crops supported the Incan Empire through an established, thriving distribution system. The Incas are responsible for two main inventions. You read "Inca Empire Significance" in category "Papers" The Incas invented the first freeze-dry method of storage. The Incas first left their food out in the cold to freeze. Second, they stamped on the frozen food to squeeze out the water. Lastly, they left their stamped on food in the sun to dry. This freezing method worked; if they wanted to use dehydrated foods, they just added water to the foods. This type of freezing method assisted the Incas greatly because they were able to save their food without risk of it going bad. (Martin. ) Terrace gardening was another development that the Incas invented. The Incas carved steps of flat land up on the side of the mountain to create flat land for farming use. This allowed the terraces to keep rainwater from running off and also reduced erosion. As a result of this success, the government built aqueducts to carry water to farmlands for irrigation purposes. Baudin. ) These agricultural inventions and successes increased productivity and resulted in the farming of the Incas to expand to the farming areas. Above all, the agriculture of the Incas allowed the economy to keep flowing with trade and commerce. In terms of medicine, the Incas made many discoveries. Felipe Guaman Poma, or known best as Huaman Poma, was a man born in 1550 in P eru. (Tagle. ) He wrote the complete historical manuscript of information of the medicine practice in the Incan civilization. Today scholars now know that the Incan medicine was a complex ix of different medical treatments and specialties. The Incas considered that the cause of all the sicknesses were by the act of supernatural forces. They also believed that sins against the gods, lies, as well as breaking Inca laws were enough reasons to become ill. The cures for the sicknesses were combinations of minerals and herbs, followed by magic spells and prayers. The Incan medicine was known to treat sicknesses in the immune system effectively. (Tagle. ) The Incan people had treatments which allowed the increase of natural production of white cells; including the end of the progress of some diseases. The Incas were able to cure their people with this knowledge that they had of medicine. (Kruschandl. ) The Incas had three types of doctors who worked in partnership. The first type of doctors was known as Watukk. The job of Watukk was to find out the cause of the sickness; he did this by researching the daily life of the patient. He explored the emotional, physical, and pathological health of the patient. The Watukk was responsible for pinpointing the correct diagnosis of the patient’s illness. The second type of doctor was known as the Hanpeq, who would then apply his medical knowledge about the diagnosed disease. He would combine and connect the properties of herbs and minerals treat the patient. He also paid special attention to ensure that the post-treatment was accurate and enabled the patient to become healed. Today, the Hanpeq is what we call a Shaman: a religious, mystical, and natural medicine doctor. The last type of doctor was known as the Paqo. He was known to treat the soul of the patient. The Incan doctors believed that the soul lived in the heart of the patient. His major obligation was to harmonize the spiritual health with the physical health. In addition because a patient’s body could have varied reactions to a treatment, the Paqo monitored the patient’s treatment. Generally speaking, the Paqo was responsible for minimizing any possibility of a negative reaction to the patient. (Kruschandl. ) The Incan Empire also had other individuals and doctors who would help patients through the use of supernatural means. Incan medicine had so many complexities: it classified and treated sadness, anxiety, depression, anger, regret, just to name a few. Some Incan medicine addressed psychological illnesses such as insanity, madness, dementia, or grief. Incans also performed skull surgeries. The patient had a remarkable 90% chance for survival, which is extraordinary due to the materials and knowledge of the Incan doctors. When in the surgeries; the Incan doctors performed maneuvers in the wounds that were so precise that hardly any cases of infection were documented. Scholars today have few manuscripts that explain how the Incan doctors worked; however, most of the precious Incan knowledge has been destroyed. (Tagle. ) The text The History of the Incas portrays how a doctor’s knowledge was passed from father to son. If the son was skilled enough, the family would send him to gain education in an Incan school of medicine in the city of Cusco. As a student could go to medical school in present day today, the scholar back then would learn advanced techniques and gather the knowledge of Incan medicine taught by the Amautas. The Amautas were people who dedicated their entire lives in search for answers so that they could pass down knowledge and wisdom to the next generations. (Tagle. ) Therefore, the Incan Empire was advanced in medicine due to their medical discoveries and accomplishments. Aiding in the Incan medical advancements, a medical student would go to an Incan medical school for three to five years, depending on the skill level of the student. The education was rigorous, as the scholar had to learn and use herbs and mineral properties. The scholars would then learn the correct quantities of cures needed for cures. (Kruschandl. ) The professors taught the students how to discover the sicknesses and how to cure them. When the student finished medical school, he had to spend various years in practice before he was considered ready to be a doctor. Because of the rigorous process an Incan doctor had to endure, Incan medicine made great advancements during its time. (Tagle. ) All in all, the Incans were able to achieve a variety of inventions in the fields of road construction, agriculture, and medicine. The Incan Empire’s had many accomplishments and discoveries helped to create a noteworthy empire, despite not having as many resources as the Roman Empire. MLA Works Citied Section Baudin, Louis. â€Å"Incan Roads. † World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras. 12 April 2012: n. page. Print. http://ancienthistory. abc-clio. com/Search/Display/601348? terms=incan Empire. Hutagalung, Michael. â€Å"Inca Roads and Chasquis. † discover Peru: Peru Cultural Society. July 2005: n. page. Print. http://www. discover-peru. org/inca-roads-chasqui/. Kruschandl, Nelson. â€Å"Inca Medicine. † THE INCAS. 2007: n. page. Web. 18 Apr. 2012. http://www. solarnavigator. net/history/incas. htm. Martin, Phillip. â€Å"The Inca Empire-Terrace Farming. † Incredible Incas. 2008: n. page. Web. 18 Apr. 2012. http://incas. mrdonn. org/farming. html. Tagle, Alex. â€Å"Inca Medicine. † Peru Travel Confidential. 2009: n. page. Print. http://www. peru-travel-confidential. com/peru-travel. html. How to cite Inca Empire Significance, Papers

Removal of the Cherokee Essay Example For Students

Removal of the Cherokee Essay In The Cherokee Removal, Perdue and Green show the trials that the Cherokee faced in the years from 1700 to 1840. This book shows how the Americans tried to remove these Indians from the southeastern part of the United States. The Cherokees tried to overcome the attempts of removal, but finally in 1838, they were removed from the area. The Cherokees lived in the valleys of rivers that drained the southern Appalachians (Perdue, 1). The British first came into Cherokee country in 1700. They came for two major reasons: deerskins and war captives. They brought guns and ammunition, metal knives, hoes, hatchets, fabrics, kettles, rum, and trinkets. They took the Cherokee and made them slaves. The British built two forts to protect the Cherokees while they were fighting the enemies of the British. The Cherokees entered the French and Indian War on the side of the British (Perdue, 6). Attacks on Cherokees by white frontiersmen and duplicity by colonial officials caused the Cherokees to shift their allegiance to the French. During the war, the British destroyed many Cherokee towns. The war the American Revolution caused many British settlers to push westward. These settlers began to compete with the Cherokees for land. The Cherokee were glad when the Proclamation of 1763 was put into effect. This prevented settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. Most of the settlers became enemies. The settlers attacked the Cherokees, destroying many towns and killing many people. This attack caused the Cherokees to end their participation in the American Revolution. The American colonist continued to take over the Cherokee land. In 1783, the American Revolution ended. Since most of the Cherokees helped the British in the Revolutionary War, the Americans needed to make peace with them. Then in1785, the treaty of Hopewell was signed (Perdue 8). This was a peace treaty between the Cherokee and the Americans. This treaty defined the Cherokees boundaries and it gave them the right to get rid of unwanted settlers. The states of Georgia and North Carolina ignored this treaty. The people of these states expanded into Cherokee land, and the Cherokees continued to resist. The Americans needed to come up with another system. Henry Knox was gave the task to come up with this new system. Knox came up with a system that would make expansion possible without detriment to the Indians (Perdue 10). Knox hoped to end the fighting between the Cherokees and the Americans that was caused by expansion. Knox, along with George Washington, believed that the Indians were uncivilized. However, this lack of civilization was cultural, not racial. They thought that the Cherokees could become civilized if they were taught how to become civilized. They also believed that the United States should buy the land that the settlers illegally took from the Indians, and strictly obstruct further encroachment. This new system was called the Treaty of Holston (Perdue 11). It went into effect in July 1791. This treaty called for the civilization of the Indians. The civilization program was a major part of this new treaty. The Cherokee culture went through some drastic changes. Schools were set up to instruct the Indians. Men farmed instead of hunting. They established some of their own laws. In 1827, the Cherokees wrote a constitution that provided for a bicameral legislature, a chief executive, and a judicial system (Perdue 13). The Americans tried to make the Indians become Christians. They developed their own writing system. They even began to publish their own newspaper called the Cherokee Phoenix (Perdue 14). The Cherokees became more civilized than in the past. The Cherokees tried to become civilized to make their relationship with the Americans better. .ud35a24ca3260c295efce218c2ef096d9 , .ud35a24ca3260c295efce218c2ef096d9 .postImageUrl , .ud35a24ca3260c295efce218c2ef096d9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud35a24ca3260c295efce218c2ef096d9 , .ud35a24ca3260c295efce218c2ef096d9:hover , .ud35a24ca3260c295efce218c2ef096d9:visited , .ud35a24ca3260c295efce218c2ef096d9:active { border:0!important; } .ud35a24ca3260c295efce218c2ef096d9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud35a24ca3260c295efce218c2ef096d9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud35a24ca3260c295efce218c2ef096d9:active , .ud35a24ca3260c295efce218c2ef096d9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud35a24ca3260c295efce218c2ef096d9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud35a24ca3260c295efce218c2ef096d9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud35a24ca3260c295efce218c2ef096d9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud35a24ca3260c295efce218c2ef096d9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud35a24ca3260c295efce218c2ef096d9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud35a24ca3260c295efce218c2ef096d9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud35a24ca3260c295efce218c2ef096d9 .ud35a24ca3260c295efce218c2ef096d9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud35a24ca3260c295efce218c2ef096d9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Color Purple - The Struggle To Express Themselves EssayAmerican views on the Indians changed. They became racially prejudiced against the Cherokee. They now thought that Indians could never become fully civilized. The Americans thought the Cherokees had no place in the American society. The Americans wanted to justify removal of the Indians to lands in the west. This would make more room for the increasing population of the Americans. The Americans insisted that the Indians sell their land. Most of the Cherokees refused to sell their land, but a small number of Cherokees accepted the offer and moved west. Since the Cherokee refused to sell the land, the Americans thoug ht the only way to get rid of them was to remove them. When Andrew Jackson was elected president in 1828, he begged Congress to adopt the removal plan. There was no other way to take control of the Cherokee land. The law stated that land could be purchased only by treaty. The Cherokee did not agree to sell their land through a treaty. So the Indian Removal Act was passed on May 28, 1830 (Perdue 18). The Cherokees would not go down easily. They went to the United States Supreme Court to protect their rights. In Worcester v. Georgia, the Court ruled in favor of Cherokee sovereignty (Perdue 19). Georgia went ahead and established a land lottery. This allowed citizens to take over Cherokee land. This only caused more trouble between the two cultures. The Cherokees began to have mixed feelings about removal. A group of Cherokees called the Treaty Party wanted to negotiate a treaty for removal. In the spring of 1836, the Treaty of New Echota was ratified (Perdue 20). It gave them two years to prepare for removal. Many of the Cherokees, led by John Ross, protested this treaty. However, in the winter of 1838-1839, all of the Cherokees headed west toward Oklahoma. This removal of the Cherokees is now known, as the Trail of Tears was a very gruesome event. During the trip from the southern United States to current day Oklahoma, many of the Cherokees died. Shortly after their arrival in Ok lahoma, they began to rebuild. They began tilling fields, sending their children to school, and attending Council meetings (Perdue 170). The Cherokees were very civilized in dealing with the trails of removal. These people endured more than any other group of people throughout history. They played within the rules in their struggle. They did not want to start a war with the Americans. The Cherokees resisted removal and took it to court. Despite all of their tries to keep their land, they were removed. Work CitedGreen, Michael D., and Theda Perdue, eds. The Cherokee Removal: A brief History with Documents. New York: Bedford Books of St. Martins Press, 1995.