Feminism Views Essays - Womens Rights, Free Essays, Term Papers

Feminism Views Essays - Womens Rights, Free Essays, Term Papers Feminism Views Feminism Views Women have always been a mans dependent. These two sexes have never shared the world in equality. Even in our day and age women are still heavily suppressed. I would have to say that things have certainly changed since the 1700s, 1800s, and early 1900s. Women today are progressing into the world with freedom. They have the power to be who they want to be and are no longer told who they should be. Women are getting better jobs, higher political status, and more importantly, a role in society to which they have no boundaries. Women are no longer stuck in the house. Instead they are providing for their families not only emotionally, but also financially. Today gender identity is becoming less important. This issue is central not only to public policy, but also too private relationships as well. We wouldnt be where we are today if it wasnt for the hard work and determination of people like Mary Wollstonecraft, John Stuart Mill, Emmiline Pankhurst, and Simone de Beauvoir. Most women are n o longer facing the hardships of the 1700s, 1800s, and early 1900s. With limited education, economic rights, or social respect, women were excluded of having a voice in society. As they grew older a womans intellect gave way to beauty and social graces. At this time the only way they could succeed in the world was by marriage. Women were thought as only existing for men. Men respected women, because they were their servants, made their clothes and food, and took care of their family. In their struggle for equal rights, women faced strong opposition. Opponents argued that feminist demands would threaten society by undermining marriage and family. The Government went to great lengths to suppress women by refusing them an education. Mock2 Keeping them in ignorance would subdue them. When feminism first began the only demands made by women were a better education and a respectful position in society. One of the first women to touch base on feminism was Mary Wollstonecraft. Mary first stated her opinion of feminism in her book, Vindiction of the Rights of Women. Mary was one of the few career women of that time. She made her living as a prolific writer. Mary wanted all women to have equal citizenship, economic independence, and most importantly an education. She believed that without these things women wouldnt survive. Her main argument was the simple principle of having an education. She argued that a woman would have no idea why she has to do the things she does or cooperate with societies laws without an education. Mary thought, and I agree, that education holds the key to achieving a sense of self-respect and anew self-image that would enable women to put their capacities to good use. One of the first men to take part in feminism was John Stuart Mill. He was a British philosopher and liberal. He believed that women should be able to vote and have access to an equal education as well as the professions. He stated that this equality wouldnt be just humane, it would have the advantage of doubling the mass of mental faculties available for the higher service of humanity. Which seemed like a reasonable idea, but it wasnt accepted. Mills interest in feminism greatened when he met Harriet Taylor, who herself was a feminist. Taylor helped him shape his ideas on the urgent need for reform in womens rights. In 1867, Mill, as Member of Parliament, proposed that suffrage be extended to women. He was rejected with a 194 to 74 vote. After being turned down, his persistence never stopped. He won a broader audience after he wrote, The Subjection Mock3 of Women. In that book, Mill argued that women should be able to participate in political life and should not be barred from the workforce. When womens suffrage began to reach its peak Emmeline Pankhurst came into play. She and her daughter Christabel formed the Womens Party. These women engaged in demonstrations, disrupted political meetings, and went to jail. If they went to jail they resorted to hunger strikes. Emmeline went through ten of those hunger strikes herself. They got so out of hand that they had to be force-fed.

Managing People for a Competitive Advantage Essay

Managing People for a Competitive Advantage - Essay Example The human resource function seeks to improve the performance of the workforce without having to hire new people for the job placements available. These managers can improve the performance of their workforce by demanding that the team members deliver more. c.Talent effective strained by new realities Interdependence has tremendously influenced how work is done within an organization as many opt to collaborate for the good of the business and the achievement of organizational goals. Collaboration makes the job of managing the workforce to be easy as they work towards the achievement of effective processes. Additionally, the performance of one employee tends to affect the performance of his/her peers making it important for managers to influence them to put in more effort. Interactions are also necessary when it comes to getting the job done as employees need each other for them to complete their tasks. d. A new Convergence of talent and business management The workplace has continued to change over the years while the talent has also been challenging, making it needful to collaborate talent management to ease the complex situation. Employees have to align themselves with the visions of the managers so as to be relevant to the business and its practice. 2. Four generations of people The silents- these are individuals born between 1925 and 1946. They are loyal, dedicated and risk-averse as their values are influenced by the fact that that they were present during the Great Depression and World War II.

George Whitefield Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

George Whitefield - Essay Example He moved the masses as no-one before him and hardly anyone since. His life is filled with instruction for Christians today." He spoke to some ten million people, and it is said his voice could be heard a mile away. It is estimated that throughout his life, he preached more than 18,000 formal sermons and if less formal occasions are included, that number might rise to more than 30,000. In addition to his ministry in Great Britain (for 24 years) and America (for 9 years), he made 15 journeys to Scotland, 2 to Ireland, and one each to Bermuda, Gibraltar, and The Netherlands (Armstrong 9, 22). He may have been the best-known Protestant in the whole world during the eighteenth century. Certainly he was the single best-known religious leader in America of that century, and the most widely recognized figure of any sort in North America before George Washington (Noll 91). Early years in England. George Whitefield was born in the Bell Inn where his father, Thomas, was a wine merchant and innkeeper. It was the largest and finest establishment in town, and its main hall had two auditoriums, one of which was used to stage plays. But when he was only two tragedy struck this young prosperous family, George's father died (Dallimore I 17-19; Armstrong 12). When the lad was 8 years of age his mother remarried, but the union was tragic, and the inn was almost lost due to financial difficulties. While the other children worked, George's mother saw his ability and made sure he attended the St. Mary de Crypt Grammar School in Gloucester from the age of 12. He was a gifted speaker, had a great memory, and often acted in the school plays, he was proficient in Latin and could read new Testament Greek. However, at the age of 15 George had to drop his studies and worked for a year and a half to help support the family. It seemed tragic, but it was a good experience for George to experience real life. He learned to associate with people from all ranks of society, he worked by day and at night, he read the Bible and dreamed of going to Oxford. In time the husband left, and George's older brother took back control of the inn. But there was no longer any money to send George to college with. For a time he and his mother were heartbroken. But over t ime they learned that he could go to Oxford as a "servitor," and at age 17 he left for the University with great eagerness. In 1732 he entered Pembroke College at Oxford in November. As a "servitor" he lived as a butler and maid to 3 or 4 highly placed students. He would wash their clothes, shine their shoes, and do their homework. A servitor lived on whatever scraps of clothing or money they gave him. He had to wear a special gown and it was forbidden for students of a high rank to speak to him. Most servitors left rather than endure the humiliation. In 1733, George became a member of the Holy Club led by John and Charles Wesleys (this group of students followed certain "methods" for religion, that were centered on careful reading of the Bible). His mates at Pembroke College had begun to call Whitefield a "Methodist," which was the derogatory word they used to describe members of the Holy Club. To other students their disciplined way of life looked foolish, and the word "Methodist" implied that they lived by a mindless method, like windup robots (Dallimore I 21-49). Charles Wesley loaned him a book, "The Life of God in the Soul of Man",

Philosophical and Ethical Concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Philosophical and Ethical Concepts - Essay Example Over 70 percent of the Americans believe that the organizations have been stated to be very wasteful on the charitable funds that they get. Only 10 percent of the Americans are convinced that the charity organizations have been doing the right thing and using the money wisely. 17 percent of the Americans believe that the funds were making the right decisions. The statistics show how much the charity organization created mistrust to their donors. The ethical concern is of much importance in this case, and they need much proper understanding. The moral judgment comes later after addressing the ethical concerns. To start with, one needs to go through the principal forces that affect the experience of the organizations. The ethical issues that are in the non-profit sector should also be the subject of discussion in order to solve the problems that are associated with the charitable organizations. Thereafter there has to be solutions to the problems that face the charity organizations on the issue of misconduct. There are the ethical challenges in the organizations, and they lead to the misconduct. The challenges that are evident in this case and they end up in criminal violations (VanderWallen 142). The moral conduct has got some crucial factors that influence them. Moral awareness is very much essential when it comes to addressing the ethical issues. After creating the moral awareness in a charity organization, it is crucial to come up with an ethical decision making which is thereafter followed by moral intent. The last step is coming up with the moral actions. Following all these steps will result in the elimination of the misconduct. The moral judgment of the people is crucial for all aspects. In this case the moral sense of the donors is critical. The donor is a person who wants to contribute to the charity work. It is crucial for the donors to be enlightened about the misconducts in organization. The

Grand Avenue Essay -- essays papers

Grand Avenue In the novel Grand Avenue. Greg Sarris uses the theme thread of poison to connect all of his separate stories about the Toms’, a Pomo Indian family. He proves that the roots of a family are the basis which gives the family its structure, even if those roots are bad. In the Toms’ family they’re roots were poisoned from the very founding of the family starting with Sam Toms’. His poison was not the fact that he tried to steal a married woman away, but that he was filled with secrets, deceptions, and self hatred. His family was founded on these poisened roots and passes the poisen down generation after gerneration. The only way to stop the poison, or inner self hatred taken out in other forms, was to let go of past and talk about the secrets and lies. Once a person does this they are able to learn from their mistake , in a sense the break free from the poison. If Sam Toms’ , the founder or root of the family,would have broken free of his poise n by talking about his mistake he made, his whole family per haps would have turned out completely different. As a result of his secrets and lies his family was rasied to make the same immoral desisions as he made throughout his life. His family, like Sam, didn't take responcilblity for their mistakes, which spread the poison onto the next generation. Tracing the poison throughout the Tom’s beginning at the roots, shows just how important the roots indeed are. In the first story, entitled The Magic Pony, one learns about the â€Å"Man Poison†. The story is narrated by Jasmine, who lives with her Auntie Faye Faye tells her daughter Ruby and Jasmine that all men are poisoned because of a mistake from her past She stole her cousin Anna’s boyfriend Joaquin, by lying t... ...d few such as Anna, Stella, and Alice who broke free of the poison, lived their lives as Sam Toms’ did who rooted the family. They as he did lied, cheated, manipuled, and kept secrets to try to live a happy life which in actuality their lives were anything but. The strong Toms’ that broke free of the poison spoke of their problems and took responsibility for them. The rest just followed in their ancestors footsteps and lived unhappy and immoral lives as they did. The Toms’ family poison connected the whole family, generation after generation together, and helps to prove how important an influential a families’ roots really are.footsteps and lived unhappy and immoral lives as they did. The Toms’ family poison connected the whole family, generation after generation together, and helps to prove how important an influential a families’ roots really are.

Influence of Rules and Regulation on Public Sector Accounting Practice

Title: Rules And Regulation In Public Sector Accounting. Date / Time: 07 October 2012 (Monday) / 4:00 Pm Location: Room Spk308, Othman Yeop Abdullah Building (School Of Accounting. ) Guest: Student Of Public Sector Accounting Group C Agenda: Influence Of Rules And Regulation On Public Sector Accounting Practise. Last Sunday, we are discussing about the rule and regulation regarding Public Sector Accounting Practice. On that day, we are discussing about the article in federal law which on part VII (Financial Provision).Initially, we must know about the establishment history of the Federal Constitution. Federal Constitution it’s also known it as the Malaysian Constitution. It is the written legal documentation that it’s formed based on two previous documents of the Federation of Malaya Independence Constitution of 1948 and 1957. The legal drafted based on the advice of Reid Commission. Federal Constitution consists of several different parts. Public Sector Accounting Practice is related to part VII in the Federal Constitution.These VII parts consist of several articles. The article starts from Article 96 until Article 112. This segment is focus on the financial provision for the government and state. Article 96, Indicates that no money can be raised by taxation or rates, nor can it be spent (except) under the authority of the federal law. Article 97, all revenues and monies raised or received by the Federal government shall be paid to the Federal Consolidated Fund and all revenues and monies received by the state shall be paid to the State Consolidated Fund.Article 98, Indicates that expenditure charge to the Federal Consolidated Fund include grant, remuneration of the royalties, pensions, debt charges, money to pay for court judgment. Next Article 99, Annual financial statements require the federal government to prepare and submit to the Parliament, statements of estimated receipts and estimated expenditure of the following year before the commencement of that year. Also requires federal government to submit statement of assets and liabilities of last financial year.Article 100, Supply Bills indicates that expenditure to be met from the consolidated fund excluding charged expenditure shall be included in a bill known as Supply Bill. Article 101, if the amo unt appropriated (approved) by the Supply Act is insufficient, a supplementary budget can be prepared and submitted to Parliament. Article 102, Expenditure of unusual urgency not is included in the approved budget; it needs to be approved by Parliament. Article 103, The purpose of the Contingencies Fund is to meet urgent and unforeseen need for expenditure for which no other provision exist.Article 104, Withdrawals from Consolidated Funds regulates payment for charged expenditure authorized by Supply Act and also Article 102. Article 105, Auditor General is appointed by the King on the advice of the Prime Minister and after consultation with the Council of Rulers and is eligible for reappointment. Article 106, The Auditor General will perform such other duties as specified by the King on accounts of federal, states and other public authorities. Article 107, the audit report should be submitted to the King to be laid in the Parliament.The states accounts’ and other state autho rities should be submitted to the state ruler for presentation to the State Legislative Assembly. Article 109, Grants for States indicates that Federal government shall make to each state a grant, capitation grant. Article 110, Assignment of Taxes and Fees to the States, each state will receive portion of taxes collected within the states which receive 10% of export duties of mineral produced by states. Article 111, The Federation shall not borrow except under the authority of federal law and state.Last Article 112, Restrict alternation by states to any addition to its establishment or the establishment of any of its department or alter the rates of established salaries and emoluments. DISCUSSION: We have conducted a discussion in the class. Before starting the presentation, we already began the discussion session. We ask the students to give their opinion about article 96 until article 112. one of our friends, Noor Amiera binti Jaafar gave her opinion regarding article number 97. S he said, â€Å"Federal Constitution related to government financial.Example Article 97, subject to federal constitution, all revenue came from state will be accounted to the state government†. Besides Noor Amiera, the others member also provides their own opinion like, Teoh Vin Sen he said state government will collect the money and revenue from state if under the federal government. Last but not least our friends Yap Kit Yeng, she gave an opinion regarding article number 96, and she said the federal government will collect the revenue from taxation. SUGGESTION: 1.We suggest that it’s compulsory for every student to read the book before they came to the class in order to improve their participation. Moreover by reading before they came to the class, the objective of Student Centred Learning because they can give their own opinion about the discussed topics. 2. Each group should be more confident when they want to do the presentation. Besides that, the presenter must ma ke slide presentation clear. 3. Student should give the full attention when the presenter present about their chapter. Besides that, the presenter must point to the audience when they want the answer.

HIV and AIDS In Africa - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1652 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/08/02 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: AIDS (HIV) Essay Did you like this example? Background / Overview: The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) attacks the CD4 cells of the bodys immune system and weakens the defense mechanism from protecting against infections and diseases. As the number of CD4 cells decreases the body becomes more vulnerable to all opportunistic diseases and cancers. AIDS is the most advanced stage of HIV infection with severe immune deficiency i.e. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "HIV and AIDS In Africa" essay for you Create order least CD4 count (less than 200 cells/ cubic meter), it takes nearly 2 15 years for the virus to develop into this stage. At this stage, the body becomes vulnerable to serious infections and cancers. About two-thirds of the world population living with HIV are in Africa, of which Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) accounts for 70% of this disease rate (Kharsany Karim, 2016). There was a slight decline in the incidence of HIV/AIDS in past few years nearly 1.3 million in this country yet persistently remains in the top 5 countries that are infected with HIV (see fig.1). According to 2013 census Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) had 24.7 million people who are infected with HIV, and in 2016 there are 25.98 million people living with HIV (see fig.2). Undisputedly SSA harbors 60% of HIV cases, of which 28 million are living with HIV, more than 14000 people are getting an infection every day and nearly 11000 are dying with AIDS-related complications (Dzimnenani Mbirimtengerenji,2007). Factors contributing to the spread of HIV/AIDS in SSA social stigma, ancient and traditional practices, poverty, multiple sex partners, heterosexual transmission, and lack of male circumcision(Chen et al., 2007) ( see fig 5). As a matter of fact, HIV infection has played a considerable role in decreasing the life expectancy, health status, education, employment and countrys economy. The pandemic has reduced the national economy by 2-4% a year on an average across Africa (Dixon, 2002). Also, the death rates are so high due to HIV related diseases and cancers. Fig 3: Map: Share of the population infected with HIV, 2016 Source: IHME, Global Burden of Disease Fig 4: Disparately High HIV Prevalence among Young Women Compared to Young Men Source: UNAIDS, 2014 Fig 5: Distribution of new HIV infections among population groups, 2017 Source: UNAIDS special analysis, 2018 What has been done so far? With more than 30 years of continuous efforts made on this HIV epidemic, there is still no proper cure or an effective vaccine, however, due to advanced treating methods by using Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has made the deadly disease into more chronic disease and manageable condition and also by increasing the life expectancy (Kharsany Karim, 2016). Moreover, behavioral modifications also helped in reducing the prevalence rate of HIV in some tropical countries. The strategic goals for behavioral change involve stigma reduction, reduce the number of sex partners, avoid sharing of needles and injections that are contaminated, reduce the age of first intercourse, increase the use of condom and its sales, and also by encouraging regular screening and health education counselling services (Coates, Richter, Caceres, 2008). Not only behavioral interventions but also the combination of biomedical and structural interventions have a holistic approach to prevent HIV infection. Fig 6: Effective HIV Prevention require a combination intervention. At intrapersonal level, the PLWHA (Persons Living With HIV/AIDS) in SSA have been educating all the high-risk group individuals about the methods of transmission, preventive measures, and how to protect their human rights based on the resources. Moreover, the national government of Sub-Saharan Africa has released funds for the campaigns on disease awareness and reducing stigma related to the HIV. These are the massive campaigns which are promoted targetting families and communities, in spite of all these efforts there is still gender inequality, lack of knowledge and high level of stigma in SSA (Dahlui et al., 2015). At the interpersonal level, the combination strategy includes health education for sex workers and men who have sex with men to have access to male and female condoms, lubricant and PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis). At Community and Organization level, the NSPs (Needle and Syringe Programmes) focused on people who inject drugs and have been effective in reducing the usage of contaminated needles, and Opioid Substitution Therapy (OST). UNAIDS in collaboration with World bank has launched several successful health education programs for teenage girls, women, and homosexuals focusing on social discrimination, reduci ng stigma, awareness. The biomedical interventions at schools and multimedia organization level included VMMC (Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision, free HIV testing and condom supply. Examples of such successful large-scale programmes were Love Life multi-media campaign in South Africa, the National Behaviour Change Programme in Zimbabwe and Multi-Country one love campaign in southern Africa. In 2003, UNAIDS and WHO launched the 3 by 5 initiative which is reducing the incidence rate of HIV by 3 million in 2005 with ART( Antiretroviral therapy). The programs did not achieve the target population by the expected deadline and instead the number tripled which lead to the initiative of many challenging and great momentums. WHO and UNAIDS set up ambitious global targets (90-90-90) by 2020. In 2013 Health and education ministers addressed the barriers that are preventing girls and women from accessing the services. They have also focused on sex education in schools (CSE- comprehensive sexual education), eliminating gender barrios. Between 2010- 2015 the PMTCT (Prevention of Mother-to-child transmission) in East and southern Africa was successful in preventing the vertical transmission of this virus from a positive mother to child by 66%. The recent report shows that there has been an improvement from 61% in 2010 to 89% in 2016. In 2007 WHO and UNAIDS promoted VMMC (voluntary medical male circumcision) as one of the key components for preventing HIV. In 2015, South Africa took the first initiative to fully approve the PrEP (Pre-exposure prophylaxis with antiretroviral drugs. Next steps: Gaps or shortcomings in what has been done so far Although many attempts were made to prevent the prevalence and incidence rate of HIV in Africa and SSA specifically, the disease still remains a serious problem. This is because of all the current interventions and strategies are not specific to a particular region, which is in fact, globally formulated policies (Hanson Hanson, 2008). Despite considering all the specific factors in each setting such as regional, cultural, traditional and high-risk population in combination interventions yet have drawbacks. Gaps in the Behavioral intervention: This intervention was not effectively practiced and discontinued in many countries. As a result, many young people had inadequate knowledge (36% young men, 30% of young women) according to the survey in 2015. Very minimal efforts are made to bring a change in social norms that are negatively impacting HIV (Hanson Hanson, 2008). Gaps in Biomedical interventions: VMMC has been rapidly expanded in 14 countries, out of which 8 countries declined the use of this programme in 2015. So, in order to reach the Fast track target, the voluntary male circumcision number has to double in 2020. UNAIDS 2020 target on PrEP coverage is 5% at present. According to the 2015 survey, 62% of individuals were not virally suppressed and 42% were unaware of their HIV status. So, there is a limitation is TasP ( Treatment-as- prevention) and PrEP. Thus the campaigns AIDS kills, Abstinence, Be faithful and use a condom approach was introduced by indulging fear among people. But this approach had failures in promoting safe sex (Hanson Hanson, 2008) Gaps in Structural interventions:   These are difficult to implement in poor countries like SSA as they deal with deep-rooted socio-economic issues such as gender discrimination, poverty, and human rights. As South Africa is the first to widely approve the ART (antiretroviral therapy) treatment, SSA is likely to benefit from future interventions that would concentrate on early access to ART, large-scale HIV screening promotions, health educations on HIV/AIDS. B- Future Intervention: There has to be a realistic target in setting up future interventions to prevent HIV/AIDS in low-income tropical countries that have the highest burden of this disease. The goal of my intervention is to bring a change in risky behaviors among the targeted population in SSA. (i)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Development: Aim for reducing the high-risk sexual behavior patterns by half in a span of 3 years. This intervention will be targeting homosexuals, substance abusers, and sex workers. Assessment is done in two ways -Identifying and analyzing the data on the number of sex workers, LGBTs. -By conducting surveys of knowledge, practices, and attitudes towards the stigma of HIV/AIDS. Develop trust, strength, and empathy in the population. Hiring well-trained health care providers. Implementation: Distributing pamphlets, advertising, mass media communications. Awareness campaigns- includes disposal of contaminated needles, use of condoms, safe sex education, screenings, sex education in schools. Health education programs in rural areas and providing them with free condoms. Conduct free screenings for all the high-risk population. Evaluation: Conducting pre and post surveys to assess their knowledge and beliefs. Assess the syringes and condom supply and sales in hospitals and pharmacies. Evaluate the hospital records for the incidence and prevalence rate of HIV infection. Web resources: https://www.avert.org/professionals/hiv-programming/treatment/overview https://www.avert.org/professionals/hiv-around-world/sub-saharan-africa/overview https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/data-and-trends/global-statistics https://www.prb.org/thestatusofthehivaidsepidemicinsubsaharanafrica/ References: Coates, T. J., Richter, L., Caceres, C. (2008). Behavioural strategies to reduce HIV transmission: how to make them work better. Lancet, 372(9639), 669-684. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60886-7 Chen, L., Jha, P., Stirling, B., Sgaier, S., Daid, T., Kaul, R. and Nagelkerke, N. (2007). Sexual Risk Factors for HIV Infection in Early and Advanced HIV Epidemics in Sub-Saharan Africa: Systematic Overview of 68 Epidemiological Studies. PLoS ONE, 2(10), p.e1001. Dahlui, M., Azahar, N., Bulgiba, A., Zaki, R., Oche, O. M., Adekunjo, F. O., Chinna, K. (2015). HIV/AIDS Related Stigma and Discrimination against PLWHA in Nigerian Population. PLoS ONE, 10(12), e0143749. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0143749 Dzimnenani Mbirimtengerenji, N. (2007). Is HIV/AIDS Epidemic Outcome of Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa? Croatian medical journal, 48(5), 605-617 Dixon, S. (2002). The impact of HIV and AIDS on Africas economic development. BMJ, 324(7331), pp.232-234. Hanson, S., Hanson, C. (2008). HIV control in low-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa: are the right things done? Global Health Action, 1, 10.3402/gha.v3401i3400.1837. doi:10.3402/gha.v1i0.1837 Kharsany, A. B. M., Karim, Q. A. (2016). HIV Infection and AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa: Current Status, Challenges and Opportunities. The Open AIDS Journal, 10, 34-48